Diabetes news, discovery and discussion thread

weatheriscool
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Research sheds light on why not all obese patients develop type 2 diabetes
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-06- ... betes.html
by Oregon State University

Researchers at Oregon State University have invented a new analytical method that sheds light on an enduring mystery regarding type 2 diabetes: Why some obese patients develop the disease and others don't.

Type 2 diabetes is a serious metabolic disease that affects roughly one in 10 Americans. Formerly known as adult-onset diabetes, it is a chronic condition affecting the way the body metabolizes glucose, a sugar that's a key source of energy. This type of diabetes is frequently associated with obesity.

For some patients, that means their body does not properly respond to insulin—it resists the effects of insulin, the hormone produced by the pancreas that opens the door for sugar to enter cells. In the later disease stages, when the pancreas is exhausted, patients don't produce enough insulin to maintain normal glucose levels.

In either case, sugar builds up in the bloodstream and, if left untreated, the effect impairs many major organs, sometimes to disabling or life-threatening degrees. A key risk factor for type 2 diabetes is being overweight, often a result of eating too much fat and sugar in combination with low physical activity.

Andrey Morgun and Natalia Shulzhenko of OSU and Giorgio Trinchieri of the National Cancer Institute developed a novel analytical technique, multi-organ network analysis, to explore the mechanisms behind early-stage systemic insulin resistance.

The scientists sought to learn which organs, biological pathways and genes are playing roles.

Findings, which show that a particular type of gut microbe leads to white adipose tissue containing macrophage cells—large cells that are part of the immune system—associated with insulin resistance, were published in the Journal of Experimental Medicine.
Vakanai
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Re: Diabetes news, discovery and discussion thread

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weatheriscool wrote: Sun Jun 05, 2022 1:15 am Research sheds light on why not all obese patients develop type 2 diabetes
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-06- ... betes.html
by Oregon State University

Researchers at Oregon State University have invented a new analytical method that sheds light on an enduring mystery regarding type 2 diabetes: Why some obese patients develop the disease and others don't.

Type 2 diabetes is a serious metabolic disease that affects roughly one in 10 Americans. Formerly known as adult-onset diabetes, it is a chronic condition affecting the way the body metabolizes glucose, a sugar that's a key source of energy. This type of diabetes is frequently associated with obesity.

For some patients, that means their body does not properly respond to insulin—it resists the effects of insulin, the hormone produced by the pancreas that opens the door for sugar to enter cells. In the later disease stages, when the pancreas is exhausted, patients don't produce enough insulin to maintain normal glucose levels.

In either case, sugar builds up in the bloodstream and, if left untreated, the effect impairs many major organs, sometimes to disabling or life-threatening degrees. A key risk factor for type 2 diabetes is being overweight, often a result of eating too much fat and sugar in combination with low physical activity.

Andrey Morgun and Natalia Shulzhenko of OSU and Giorgio Trinchieri of the National Cancer Institute developed a novel analytical technique, multi-organ network analysis, to explore the mechanisms behind early-stage systemic insulin resistance.

The scientists sought to learn which organs, biological pathways and genes are playing roles.

Findings, which show that a particular type of gut microbe leads to white adipose tissue containing macrophage cells—large cells that are part of the immune system—associated with insulin resistance, were published in the Journal of Experimental Medicine.
So could gut microbes possibly treat, maybe cure, diabetes someday then?
weatheriscool
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Study describes new way of generating insulin-producing cells

by Karolinska Institutet
https://phys.org/news/2022-06-insulin-p ... cells.html
Researchers at Karolinska Institutet in Sweden show how a molecule that they have identified stimulates the formation of new insulin-producing cells in zebrafish and mammalian tissue, through a newly described mechanism for regulating protein synthesis. The results are published in Nature Chemical Biology.

"Our findings indicate a new potential target for treating diabetes, in that we demonstrate a possible way of stimulating the formation of new insulin-producing cells," says the study's last author Olov Andersson, senior researcher at the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology at Karolinska Institutet.

Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are characterized by raised levels of blood sugar, the result of low levels of endogenous insulin, the hormone needed for glucose uptake from the blood, or a physiological inability to utilize the insulin secreted—or both.
weatheriscool
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Re: Diabetes news, discovery and discussion thread

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Vakanai wrote: Sun Jun 05, 2022 11:17 am
weatheriscool wrote: Sun Jun 05, 2022 1:15 am Research sheds light on why not all obese patients develop type 2 diabetes
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-06- ... betes.html
by Oregon State University

Researchers at Oregon State University have invented a new analytical method that sheds light on an enduring mystery regarding type 2 diabetes: Why some obese patients develop the disease and others don't.

Type 2 diabetes is a serious metabolic disease that affects roughly one in 10 Americans. Formerly known as adult-onset diabetes, it is a chronic condition affecting the way the body metabolizes glucose, a sugar that's a key source of energy. This type of diabetes is frequently associated with obesity.

For some patients, that means their body does not properly respond to insulin—it resists the effects of insulin, the hormone produced by the pancreas that opens the door for sugar to enter cells. In the later disease stages, when the pancreas is exhausted, patients don't produce enough insulin to maintain normal glucose levels.

In either case, sugar builds up in the bloodstream and, if left untreated, the effect impairs many major organs, sometimes to disabling or life-threatening degrees. A key risk factor for type 2 diabetes is being overweight, often a result of eating too much fat and sugar in combination with low physical activity.

Andrey Morgun and Natalia Shulzhenko of OSU and Giorgio Trinchieri of the National Cancer Institute developed a novel analytical technique, multi-organ network analysis, to explore the mechanisms behind early-stage systemic insulin resistance.

The scientists sought to learn which organs, biological pathways and genes are playing roles.

Findings, which show that a particular type of gut microbe leads to white adipose tissue containing macrophage cells—large cells that are part of the immune system—associated with insulin resistance, were published in the Journal of Experimental Medicine.
So could gut microbes possibly treat, maybe cure, diabetes someday then?


Yes...Most likely.
weatheriscool
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Re: Diabetes news, discovery and discussion thread

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Breakthrough finding could yield benefits for patients with diabetes
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-06- ... betes.html
by Jacqueline Mitchell, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center

About 422 million people worldwide have diabetes, and 1.5 million deaths are directly attributed to diabetes each year, according to the World Health Organization. Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition in which the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas have been damaged and no longer produce insulin; Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body becomes resistant, or insensitive, to insulin. Both versions of the disease result in elevated levels of blood glucose—or blood sugar—which can lead over time to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves if uncontrolled by treatment. Life-saving drugs and devices have been developed for patients with diabetes, yet many people still struggle with poor blood glucose control, leaving them at high risk for complications.

Now, endocrinologists at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) have identified a key enzyme in the synthesis of a new class of lipids (or fats), called FAHFAs, that are made in human tissues and have beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity, blood sugar control and other metabolic-related parameters in humans and mice. The discovery, published in Nature, opens the door to potential new treatments for types 1 and 2 diabetes.
weatheriscool
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Lab-grown fat cells help scientists understand type 2 diabetes
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-06- ... betes.html
by Eva Frederick, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
In research published June 17 in the journal Science Advances, researchers in the lab of Whitehead Institute Founding Member Rudolf Jaenisch present a way to create fat cells that can be modified to display different levels of insulin sensitivity.

The cells accurately model healthy insulin metabolism, as well as insulin resistance, one of the key hallmarks of type 2 diabetes. "This system, I think, will be really useful for studying the mechanisms of this disease," said Jaenisch, who is also a professor of biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

"It's really exciting," said Max Friesen, a postdoctoral researcher in Jaenisch's lab and a first author of the study. "This is the first time that you can actually use a human stem cell-derived [fat cell] to show a real insulin response."

Body fat—also known as adipose tissue—is essential for regulating your body's metabolism and plays an important role in the storage and release of energy. When fat cells called adipocytes encounter the hormone insulin, they suck up sugar from the blood and store it for future use.

But over many years, factors such as genetics, stress, certain diets, or polluted air or water can cause this process to go awry, leading to type 2 diabetes. In this disease, adipocytes, as well as cells in the muscles and liver, become resistant to insulin and therefore unable to regulate the levels of sugar in the blood.
weatheriscool
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Diabetes: A step closer to a life without insulin
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-07- ... sulin.html
by University of Geneva
People with a severe form of diabetes, where the beta cells of the pancreas do not produce or no longer produce enough insulin, have no choice but to inject themselves regularly with artificial insulin in order to survive. But Insulin therapy is not without its dangers: it is difficult to dose and, in the long term, it can also lead to serious metabolic and cardiovascular problems. Scientists at the University of Geneva (UNIGE) have been working for several years on an alternative therapy based on the S100A9 protein. They have now provided proof of principle that this protein can significantly improve metabolism in insulin deficiency. In addition, by deciphering the biological mechanisms at work, they have discovered a previously unknown anti-inflammatory effect that could prove key well beyond diabetes. These results are published in the journal Nature Communications.

Insulin therapy, which celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2021, has probably saved the lives of hundreds of millions of people suffering from type 1 diabetes or severe forms of type 2 diabetes. However, it has some risks, if the doses are too high or too low, and is even directly responsible for some potentially fatal conditions. Consequently, the life expectancy of insulin-dependent diabetics is reduced by 10 to 15 years compared to the norm. "Life-threatening hypoglycemia, negative impact on fat metabolism and increased cholesterol: these are some severe side effects of insulin. This is why we are looking to develop complementary or alternative treatments that are more effective and less dangerous," says Roberto Coppari, a professor in the Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism and Coordinator of the Diabetes Center of UNIGE Faculty of Medicine, who directed this work.
weatheriscool
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Gut microbe peptide implicated in triggering type 1 diabetes
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-07- ... ering.html
by Joslin Diabetes Center
In type 1 diabetes, the body develops immune cells that target pancreatic beta cells, which play a critical role in the production and secretion of insulin. One of the earliest targets of this immune response is a specific sequence of amino acids, or peptide, within the insulin molecule. What triggers this autoimmune response remains unknown.

Now, researchers at Joslin Diabetes Center and Boston College have identified a species of human gut bacterium that makes a protein containing a sequence of amino acids that mimics the insulin peptide targeted by the immune system in type 1 diabetes. Analysis revealed that the immune cells that target the insulin peptide in type 1 diabetes cross-react with the similar sequence from the gut bacterial peptide, and that the presence of this bacterium can accelerate onset of diabetes in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. More importantly, further investigation also revealed a link between the presence of the gut bacterium and the development of type 1 diabetes in children at genetic risk of this disease. The findings are published in PNAS.
weatheriscool
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Researchers identify potential target for treatment among patients with type 2 diabetes
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-08- ... betes.html
by The Mount Sinai Hospital
In a potential game changer for patients with type 2 diabetes, a team of researchers at the Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute (DOMI) at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai has identified a therapeutic target for the preservation and regeneration of beta cells (β cells)—cells in the pancreas that produce and distribute insulin. The discovery could prevent insulin resistance and thus have significant benefits for millions of people worldwide. The results of the study were published in Nature Communications in July.

All major forms of diabetes are caused by insufficient β-cell mass. When blood glucose levels rise in the body, such as in response to a high-fat diet, β cells respond by producing and releasing more insulin to bring blood glucose levels under control. But prolonged high blood glucose, known as hyperglycemia, can impair the ability of β cells to produce and secrete insulin. This results in a vicious cycle of ever-increasing glucose levels and ever-declining β-cell function, leading to β-cell death—a phenomenon known as glucose toxicity. Thus, preservation and regeneration of β cells is a therapeutic goal for diabetes.

The Mount Sinai research team found a molecular mechanism that appears to be involved in β-cell preservation and regeneration involving carbohydrate response-element binding protein (ChREBP). The researchers showed that production of a hyperactive isoform of this protein, ChREBPβ, is necessary to produce more β cells in response to an increased demand for insulin in the body due to a high-fat diet or significant glucose exposure. However, prolonged, increased glucose metabolism can result in a vicious cycle in which ChREBPβ is overproduced, resulting in glucose toxicity in the β-cells and their subsequent death.
weatheriscool
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Study finds steep rise in type 2 diabetes among children during COVID-19 pandemic

by Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-08- ... demic.html
In a multi-site study of medical records, researchers at Johns Hopkins Children's Center and across the United States say they have documented a steep rise in type 2 diabetes among children during the COVID-19 pandemic.

In a report on the findings, published Aug. 17 in The Journal of Pediatrics, the investigators note it is unclear whether the virus infection itself was a factor in the rise, and they point to the switch to virtual learning and shutdown of sports and school activities as "environmental factors" that likely increased risk.

Before the pandemic, type 2 diabetes was increasing among children around the world, and because rates of childhood diabetes are known to rise and fall over time, the investigators launched a nationwide review of medical records to assess the impact of the pandemic, according to Sheela N. Magge, M.D., M.S.C.E., director of the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology at the Children's Center.
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