Cancer News and Discussions

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Magnetic therapy enhances chemotherapy treatment of breast cancer
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-05- ... reast.html
by National University of Singapore
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-associated death for women worldwide. While chemotherapy is the mainstream treatment for breast cancer, more than 50% of women undergoing chemotherapy will experience at least one chemotherapy-related adverse side effect. Sometimes, the side effects could be so severe that patients need to terminate treatment early or doctors have to reduce the chemo dosage, and this could worsen their disease. Prolonged exposure to high doses of chemotherapeutic agents could also result in resistance to chemotherapy.

A team of researchers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) is pioneering a novel magnetic therapy—delivered using the OncoFTX System—that serves as an effective companion therapy to chemotherapy to enhance treatment outcome for breast cancer.
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Drug combination that might prove effective for one in three glioblastoma patients
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-05- ... ients.html
by Steve Yozwiak, Translational Genomics Research Institute

Based on the findings of a new study led by the Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), part of City of Hope, a coast-to-coast clinical trial is planned that, if successful, could lead to FDA approval of the first new drug treatment in more than a decade for glioblastoma, the most common and aggressive type of brain cancer.

Using precision medicine to select only participants with a specific genomic "signature of vulnerability," researchers expect the new treatment could help up to a third of all glioblastoma patients. An estimated 18,000 Americans are expected to die this year from brain cancer, the nation's seventh leading cause of cancer death.

Results of a preclinical study published in Neuro-Oncology suggest that a drug combination of MLN4924, also known as Pevonedistat, when given in combination with a second drug called Etoposide, could help glioblastoma patients whose cancer cells have lost PTEN, a tumor-suppressor gene.

Genomic sequencing of patient-derived tissue samples showed those samples with a loss of PTEN also showed a spike in the expression of a gene called TOP2A, which research suggests resists the effectiveness of MLN4924. By using Etoposide to block TOP2A, researchers believe glioma cells will be weakened enough for MLN4924 to kill the cancer.
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Advance in understanding cell division could lead to new cancer treatments
https://phys.org/news/2022-05-advance-c ... ments.html
by Weill Cornell Medical College

A protein called CDC7, long thought to play an essential role early in the cell division process, is in fact replaceable by another protein called CDK1, according to a study by investigators at Weill Cornell Medicine and the Dana Farber Cancer Institute. The finding represents a fundamental advance in cell biology and may lead to new cancer therapies, since cancers frequently alter the molecular machinery of cell division to sustain their rapid growth.
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Starting screening before age 50 is found to significantly reduce the risk and incidence of colorectal cancer in women
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-05- ... ectal.html
by Katie Marquedant, Massachusetts General Hospital
Screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) in women before the age of 50 can significantly reduce the risk of CRC compared to those who have no endoscopic screening or decide to initiate testing at age 50, according to a new study from Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH). These findings, published in JAMA Oncology, support recommendations from the American Cancer Society and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force over the past four years to commence screening at age 45 to address the steady increase in cases of younger-onset CRC.

"While there's been an alarming increase in the incidence of colorectal cancer in recent decades in younger individuals, screening has largely been focused on people over 50," says Andrew Chan, MD, MPH, a gastroenterologist and epidemiologist at MGH, and senior author of the study. "Our work provides first-of-its-kind data to show that initiating screening at a younger age can reduce an individual's risk of colorectal cancer and the population's overall incidence of cancer, thus demonstrating the substantial impact of earlier screening on both individual and population-wide scales."
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Dairy products linked to increased risk of cancer
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-05- ... ancer.html
by University of Oxford
Overall evidence to date on whether eating dairy products affects the risk of cancer has been inconsistent. Studies on Western populations indicate that dairy products may be associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer and a higher risk of prostate cancer, but have found no clear link for breast or other types of cancer. These results, however, may not be the same for non-Western populations, where amounts and types of dairy consumption and ability to metabolize dairy products differ greatly.

For instance, in China there is very little consumption of cheese and butter, and the consumption of milk and yogurt is also far lower than Western populations. In addition, most Chinese adults cannot properly metabolize dairy products due to lack of lactase, a key enzyme for breaking down the milk sugar lactose.

To establish whether dairy products affect the risk of cancer differently in Chinese people, researchers from Oxford Population Health, Peking University, and the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, have today published the results of a new large-scale study in BMC Medicine. This collected data from over 510,000 participants in the China Kadoorie Biobank Study.

The participants (59% female, 41% male), who came from ten geographically diverse regions across China and joined the study between 2004 and 2008, had no previous history of cancer. When recruited, each participant (aged 30–79 years) completed a questionnaire about how frequently they consumed different food products, including dairy products. The researchers categorized the participants into three groups: regular dairy consumers (at least once a week), monthly dairy consumers, and people who never or rarely consumed dairy products (non-consumers).
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T cell behavior determines which tumors respond to treatment

by Weill Cornell Medical College
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-05- ... tment.html
Immunotherapy unleashes the power of the immune system to fight cancer. However, for some patients, immunotherapy doesn't work, and new research may help explain why. When immune cells called T lymphocytes infiltrate malignant tumors, the genetic program of those T cells and the developmental path they then follow, may affect their response to immunotherapy and predict overall patient survival, according to a new study by Weill Cornell Medicine investigators. The results overturn the prevailing model of immune responses in melanoma and present different therapeutic approaches.

In the study, published May 9 in Cancer Cell, the investigators analyzed thousands of human tumor samples, plus individual human T cells across many data sets and tumor types, and compared these to many models of T cell behavior in response to infections, cancer and vaccines, including human vaccines. They found that T cells either become stuck in an early activation state or develop into memory cells that are expanded by current immunotherapy approaches.

"The T cells don't behave in a singular manner, but we can understand their behavior and model it in a way that can predict patient outcomes and overall survival," said senior author Dr. Niroshana Anandasabapathy, associate professor of dermatology and of dermatology in microbiology and immunology at Weill Cornell Medicine, and a practicing dermatologist for melanoma patients at New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center.
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Re: Cancer News and Discussions

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F*ck cancer. :cry:


weatheriscool
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Study finds nanomedicine targeting lymph nodes key to triple negative breast cancer treatment
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-05- ... riple.html
by Anna Megdell, University of Michigan

Research from the University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center could provide a new approach to treating an aggressive form of breast cancer.

A study led by Duxin Sun, Ph.D., found that targeting the immune microenvironment in lymph nodes and tumors simultaneously led to long-term tumor remission in mice models of metastatic triple negative breast cancer. Further, using nanoparticles to deliver these immune-altering drugs increases treatment efficacy. These results appear in Science Translational Medicine.

Immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy has been long approved as standard treatment option for triple negative breast cancer but only shows a limited response in patients. Many believe that the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment is one of the main contributing factors for the poor responses in those with TNBC.

Sun, Charles R. Walgreen Jr. Professor of Pharmacy and Professor of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the U-M College of Pharmacy, says that previously developed immunomodulators work well in animal models, but fail in clinical trials. He and his team wanted to come up with a better approach that would treat TNBC patients long-term that could withstand the rigor of clinical trials. To do this, they had to look beyond just the tumor microenvironment to the lymph nodes.
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Peptide delays melanoma growth in animal trials
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-05- ... rials.html
by Luciana Constantino, FAPESP
An article published in Scientific Reports describes a study demonstrating the effectiveness of a peptide developed by Brazilian scientists, called Rb4, in combating cancer progression in an animal model, especially malignant melanoma. The molecule holds promise for the treatment of drug-resistant tumors.

Preclinical in vitro and in vivo trials indicated that Rb4 triggers necrosis in murine melanoma cells, and inhibits the viability of human cancer cells. Tumor cells in the study lost the integrity of their plasma membranes, and mitochondria (energy-producing organelles) dilated even in the absence of chromatin condensation, a morphological hallmark of apoptosis. How this necrosis is triggered is still poorly understood, the researchers acknowledge.

In mice, the peptide reduced lung metastasis and slowed subcutaneous melanoma growth. The results suggest that Rb4 acts directly on tumors, inducing expression of two damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which trigger immunogenic melanoma cell death.

"We do basic science in a search for novel molecules. In this study Rb4, which is derived from proteolipid protein 2 [PLP2], displayed a preference for causing necrosis, a specific type of cell death, especially in melanoma, but how this necrosis occurs and develops isn't clear. The article discusses some aspects of the peptide's morphological composition and the final effects of contact with it," Fabrício Castro Machado, a co-author of the article, told Agência FAPESP.
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New research into AMP-activated protein kinase could make cancer treatments more efficient
https://phys.org/news/2022-05-amp-activ ... ments.html
by New York University
A team led by Professor of Biology, Senior Vice Provost of Research at NYU Abu Dhabi, and UAE national Sehamuddin Galadari, has discovered a novel structural modification in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) during anticancer therapy that could pave the way for the development of more effective cancer treatments.

AMPK normally works as the cellular energy sensor that is activated when there is a shortage of energy in the body. Once activated, AMPK kickstarts events in the cell that restore the energy balance. The major component of AMPK exists as two isoforms (functionally similar proteins)—AMPK-⍺1 and AMPK-⍺2.
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