Geology, Earthquakes & Volcanism News and Discussions

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caltrek
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How Gravity Inside the Earth Shaped Landscape Evolution
October 11, 2022

Introduction:
(Futurity) New research examines the interplay between the evolution of the landscape, climate, and fossil record of mammal evolution and diversification in the Western United States.

A little explored aspect of this geosciences research is the connection between gravitational forces deep in the Earth and landscape evolution.

Now in a paper in Nature Communications, the researchers show by way of computer modeling that deep roots under mountain belts (analogous to the massive ice below the tip of an iceberg) trigger dramatic movements along faults that result in collapse of the mountain belt and exposure of rocks that were once some 15 miles below the surface.

The origin of these enigmatic exposures, called “metamorphic core complexes,” has been hotly debated within the scientific community.

Further extract:
The work builds on research also published in Nature Communications in 2022. Holt and colleagues published a first-of-a-kind model in three dimensions to illustrate the linkage between climate and tectonics to simulate the landscape and erosion/deposition history of the region before, during, and after the formation of these metamorphic core complexes.
...
The study required the vast computing resources provided by the High-Performance Computing Cluster SeaWulf at Stony Brook University. The climate modeling, produced by Ran Feng of the University of Connecticut, was supported by the Cheyenne supercomputer maintained at NCAR-Wyoming Supercomputing Center.
Read more of the Futurity article here: https://www.futurity.org/gravitational ... 812582-2/

Read a technical presentation of the research in Nature Communications here: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-33361-2
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Magnitude 5.1 earthquake rattles San Francisco Bay Area, the largest to strike the region in years
Source: USA Today

A magnitude 5.1 earthquake rattled the San Francisco Bay Area on Tuesday, shaking buildings and marking the strongest quake the region has seen in eight years.

There were no immediate reports of damage or injuries.

The U.S. Geological Survey said the quake struck at 11:42 a.m. local time about 12 miles east of San Jose at a depth of about 4 miles. The area is about 40 miles southeast of downtown San Francisco.

The earthquake was the largest the Bay Area had experienced in years, according to USGS data and seismologist Lucy Jones. The last notable quake was a 6.0 magnitude earthquake that struck near Napa in 2014.
Read more: https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/magni ... r-AA13n7qr
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Tonga eruption's towering plume reached the 3rd layer of Earth's atmosphere
Source: CNN

CNN — When the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano erupted underwater in January, it created a plume of ash and water that broke through the third layer of Earth’s atmosphere. It was the highest-recorded volcanic plume and reached the mesosphere, where meteors and meteorites usually break apart and burn up in our atmosphere.

The mesosphere, about 31 to 50 miles (50 to 80 kilometers) above Earth’s surface, is above the troposphere and stratosphere and beneath two other layers. (The stratosphere and mesosphere are dry atmospheric layers.) The volcanic plume reached an altitude of 35.4 miles (57 kilometers) at its highest. It exceeded previous record holders such as the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines at 24.8 miles (40 kilometers) and the 1982 El Chichón eruption in Mexico, which reached 19.2 miles (31 kilometers).

Researchers used images captured by satellites passing over the eruption site to confirm the plume’s height. The eruption occurred January 15 in the southern Pacific Ocean off the Tongan archipelago, an area covered by three geostationary weather satellites. The GOES-17 satellite captured images of an umbrella cloud generated by the underwater eruption of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano on Jan. 15, 2022. Crescent-shaped bow shock waves and numerous lighting strikes are also visible.

A study detailing the findings published Thursday in the journal Science. The towering plume sent into the upper layers of the atmosphere contained enough water to fill 58,000 Olympic-size swimming pools, according to previous detections from a NASA satellite. Understanding the height of the plume can help researchers study the impact the eruption might have on the global climate.
Read more: https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/03/world/to ... index.html
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West Texas earthquake causes damage hundreds of miles away
Source: AP

53 minutes ago
MENTONE, Texas (AP) — A strong earthquake that struck a remote area of the West Texas desert caused damage in San Antonio, hundreds of miles from the epicenter, officials said.

University Health said Thursday that its Robert B. Green historical building was deemed unsafe because of damage sustained from the quake, which hit Wednesday in a remote area near the New Mexico border. The historical building is more than 100 years old and has been closed off for safety reasons, University Health said.

The quake initially had a 5.3 magnitude but that was revised upward to 5.4. The earthquake’s epicenter was about 23 miles (37 kilometers) south of Mentone, a tiny community about 350 miles (560 kilometers) northwest of San Antonio.

It was one of the strongest earthquakes on record in Texas and hit in an area known for oil and gas production. On Thursday, the state’s Railroad Commission — which regulates Texas’ oil and gas industry — sent inspectors to the site to determine whether any actions were needed.
Read more: https://apnews.com/article/business-tex ... m=HomePage
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Video: More Than 160 Killed After Earthquake Hits Indonesia
Mon, 21 November 2022 at 5:30 pm

At least 162 people are dead and hundreds more were injured after an earthquake struck Indonesia on Monday. Thousands of homes were damaged, a senior official said.


https://sg.finance.yahoo.com/video/vide ... 00963.html
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Time_Traveller wrote: Mon Nov 21, 2022 7:57 pm Video: More Than 160 Killed After Earthquake Hits Indonesia
Mon, 21 November 2022 at 5:30 pm

At least 162 people are dead and hundreds more were injured after an earthquake struck Indonesia on Monday. Thousands of homes were damaged, a senior official said.

https://sg.finance.yahoo.com/video/vide ... 00963.html
"We all have our time machines, don't we. Those that take us back are memories...And those that carry us forward, are dreams."

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Why are Shallow Earthquakes More Destructive? The Disaster in Java is a Devastating Example
by Phil R. Cummins, Mudrik Rahmawan Daryono, and Stacey Servito Martin
November 22, 2022

Introduction:
(The Conversation) On November 21 2022 an earthquake near the Indonesian city of Cianjur in West Java caused at least 268 deaths and damaged 22,000 buildings.

At magnitude 5.6, this earthquake was much smaller than many other earthquakes that have caused death and destruction in Indonesia over the past few decades.

Why is this one so different? One of the main reasons the Cianjur earthquake was so destructive was its shallow depth of 10km.

This event should serve as a wake-up call to improve building practices in Indonesia, because we know from the past that much larger shallow events can occur in Java; it’s not a question of if but when.

Two of the most important factors that determine the intensity of ground shaking caused by an earthquake are its magnitude and distance.
Read more here: https://theconversation.com/why-are-sh ... le-195110
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Hawaii's Mauna Loa starts to erupt, sending ash nearby
Source: AP
HONOLULU (AP) — Hawaii’s Mauna Loa, the world’s largest active volcano, has started to erupt, prompting volcanic ash and debris to fall nearby, authorities said Monday.

The eruption began late Sunday night in the summit caldera of the volcano on the Big Island, the U.S. Geological Survey said. Early Monday, it said lava flows were contained within the summit area and weren’t threatening nearby communities.

The agency warned residents at risk from Mauna Loa lava flows should review their eruption preparations. Scientists had been on alert because of a recent spike in earthquakes at the summit of the volcano, which last erupted in 1984.

Mauna Loa, rising 13,679 feet (4,169 meters) above sea level, is the much larger neighbor to Kilauea volcano, which erupted in a residential neighborhood and destroyed 700 homes in 2018. Some of its slopes are much steeper than Kilauea’s so when it erupts, its lava can flow much faster.
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6.4-magnitude earthquake hits northern California
Source: NBC News
A 6.4-magnitude earthquake rocked parts of Northern California early Tuesday, knocking out power for thousands. The quake hit at a depth of 10 miles just after 5:30 a.m. ET near Eureka in Humboldt County, the U.S. Geological Survey said. 

It struck around 7.4 miles west-southwest of Ferndale, the agency said. More than a dozen smaller earthquakes appeared to hit parts of the region afterward, it said.

It was not immediately clear whether anyone was injured in the earthquake. More than 70,000 utility customers were without power in Humboldt County as of 8 a.m. ET Tuesday, according to the online outage tracker Poweroutage.us.

"Power is out across the county," Humboldt County's Office of Emergency Services said in a tweet, adding: "DO NOT CALL 911 UNLESS YOU ARE EXPERIENCING AN IMMEDIATE EMERGENCY."
Read more: https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/64 ... -rcna62522
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